Part One
WRITTEN AND DIRECTED BY
Martin Smith & Marcela Gaviria
PRODUCED BY
Brian Funck
Marcela Gaviria
Martin Smith
CORRESPONDENT
Martin Smith
EDITED BY
Brian Funck
CO-PRODUCER
Scott Anger
ASSOCIATE PRODUCERS
Sasha Schell
Elizabeth Williams
DIRECTORS OF PHOTOGRAPHY
Scott Anger
Timothy Grucza
ADDITIONAL CINEMATOGRAPHY
Danfung Dennis
Jordan Bryon
FIELD PRODUCER
Masood Shnizai
REPORTER
Bilal Sarwary
ORIGINAL MUSIC
Francois-Paul Aiche
ASSOCIATE EDITOR
Charles Farrell
ONLINE EDITOR/COLORIST
Jim Ferguson
SOUND MIX
Jim Sullivan
ARCHIVAL PRODUCER
Kate McCormick
LOCAL PRODUCERS
Sadiqullah Afghan
Hassan Sahak
FIELD SUPPORT
Askil Khan Kakar
Hekmat Mosazai
RESEARCHER
Fahim Abed
LINE PRODUCER
Amy Carter
ART DIRECTOR
V. Stephanie Carendi
GRAPHICS
Alisa Placas Fruitman
TRANSLATION
Fahim Abed
Samim Ahmad
Khwaga Ghani
ADDITIONAL TRANSLATION
Muqtader Omari
PRODUCTION ASSISTANT
Téa DiPrima
NARRATION RECORD
Greg Castro
ADDITIONAL RESEARCH
John Campopiano
Stevie Jones
Maddie Kornfeld
ARCHIVAL MATERIALS
Aamir Qureshi / Contributor / AFP via Getty Images
ABC Studios / ABC Studios via Getty Images
AFP / Stringer / AFP via Getty Images
Airtime Television / Getty Images Editorial Footage via Getty Images
Alain BUU / Contributor / Gamma-Rapho via Getty Images
Alex Wong / Staff / Getty Images News via Getty Images
Anadolu Agency/Footage / Anadolu Agency via Getty Images
BBC Motion Gallery Editorial/BBC News / BBC Editorial via Getty Images
Brooks Kraft / Contributor / Corbis Historical via Getty Images
CCTV+ / CCTV+ via Getty Images
Chris Hondros / Staff / Getty Images News via Getty Images
CPA Media Pte Ltd / Alamy Stock Photo
Discovery Access / Discovery Access via Getty Images
Doug Curran / Staff / AFP via Getty Images
Farzana Wahidy / Stringer / AFP via Getty Images
Feature Story News - Footage / Getty Images Editorial Footage via Getty Images
Getty Images / Stringer / Getty Images News via Getty Images
ITN / ITN via Getty Images
Jose Jimenez/Primera Hora / Stringer / Getty Images News via Getty Images
Manan Vatsyayana / Stringer / AFP via Getty Images
Mark Wilson / Staff / Getty Images News via Getty Images
Massoud Hossaini / Stringer / AFP via Getty Images
Michel Setboun / Contributor / Corbis Historical via Getty Images
NewsHour Productions - Footage / Getty Images Editorial Footage via Getty Images
Pajhwok / Contributor / AFP via Getty Images
Patrick Robert - Corbis / Contributor / Corbis Historical via Getty Images
Per-Anders Pettersson / Contributor / Getty Images News via Getty Images
Reuters / Alamy Stock Photo
Rizwan Tabassum/ Contributor / AFP
Robert Nickelsberg / Contributor / Gamma-Rapho via Getty Images
Saeed Khan / Contributor / AFP via Getty Images
Sean Gallup / Staff / Getty Images News via Getty Images
Shah Marai / Staff / AFP
Sky News/Film Image Partner / Sky News via Getty Images
Stephan Gladieu / Contributor / Reportage Archive via Getty Images
STR / Stringer / AFP via Getty Images
The Washington Post / Contributor / The Washington Post via Getty Images
The White House / Handout / Getty Images News via Getty Images
White House Photo / Alamy Stock Photo
Tim Ockenden - PA Images / Contributor / PA Images via Getty Images
U.S. Army / Handout / Getty Images News via Getty Images
ADDITIONAL MATERIALS
A24 News
France 24
NBC News
RAWA
ORIGINAL PRODUCTION FUNDING PROVIDED BY Corporation for Public Broadcasting, Abrams Foundation, John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, Park Foundation, Heising-Simons Foundation, FRONTLINE Journalism Fund with major support from Jon and Jo Ann Hagler through the Jon L. Hagler Foundation, additional support from Laura DeBonis and Corey David Sauer.
FOR FRONTLINE
DIRECTOR OF POST PRODUCTION
Megan McGough Christian
SENIOR EDITOR
Barry Clegg
EDITOR
Brenna Verre
EDITOR
Joey Mullin
ASSISTANT EDITORS
Christine Giordano
Alex LaGore
Tim Meagher
Peter Norton
PRODUCTION ASSISTANT
Stevie Jones
FOR GBH OUTPOST
SENIOR DIRECTOR OF PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY
Tim Mangini
INTERNS
Caroline Rangel Gomes
Jelina Liu
Tara Suter
SERIES MUSIC
Mason Daring
Martin Brody
EXECUTIVE ASSISTANT
Will Farrell
DIRECTOR OF IMPACT AND EXTERNAL RELATIONS
Erika Howard
SENIOR DIGITAL WRITER
Patrice Taddonio
PUBLICITY & AUDIENCE ENGAGEMENT COORDINATOR
Julia Heffernan
DIGITAL PRODUCER / EDITOR
Tessa Maguire
MANAGER, PUBLIC RELATIONS AND COMMUNICATIONS
Anne Husted
PODCAST PRODUCER
Emily Pisacreta
ARCHIVES & RIGHTS MANAGER
John Campopiano
BUSINESS ASSOCIATE
Sean Gigliotti
CONTRACTS CONSULTANT
Junshi Lu
FOR GBH LEGAL
Eric Brass
Suzy Carrington
Jay Fialkov
SENIOR CONTRACTS MANAGER
Gianna DeGiulio
BUSINESS MANAGER
Sue Tufts
BUSINESS DIRECTOR
Mary Sullivan
SENIOR DEVELOPER
Anthony DeLorenzo
LEAD DESIGNER FOR DIGITAL
Dan Nolan
FRONTLINE/COLUMBIA JOURNALISM SCHOOL FELLOWSHIPS
TOW JOURNALISM FELLOW
Chantelle Lee
ABRAMS JOURNALISM FELLOW
Julia Ingram
FRONTLINE/NEWMARK JOURNALISM SCHOOL AT CUNY FELLOWSHIP
TOW JOURNALISM FELLOW
James O’Donnell
FRONTLINE/FIRELIGHT INVESTIGATIVE JOURNALISM FELLOWS
Kevin Shaw
Débora Souza Silva
DIGITAL REPORTER
Bruce Gil
EDITORIAL CONSULTANTS
Lauren Prestileo
Amy Rubin
Callie T. Wiser
SENIOR DIGITAL PRODUCER / EDITOR
Miles Alvord
HOLLYHOCK FILMMAKERS IN RESIDENCE
Christina Avalos
Marcia Robiou
SENIOR DOCUMENTARY EDITOR & PRODUCER
Michelle Mizner
DIGITAL EDITOR
Priyanka Boghani
EDITORIAL COORDINATING PRODUCER
Katherine Griwert
POST COORDINATING PRODUCER
Robin Parmelee
SENIOR EDITOR AT LARGE
Louis Wiley Jr.
FOUNDER
David Fanning
SPECIAL COUNSEL
Dale Cohen
DIRECTOR OF AUDIENCE DEVELOPMENT
Maria Diokno
SENIOR PRODUCERS
Dan Edge
Frank Koughan
SENIOR PRODUCER,
SPECIAL PROJECTS & INNOVATION
Carla Borrás
SENIOR EDITOR & DIRECTOR,
LOCAL JOURNALISM
Erin Texeira
SENIOR SERIES PRODUCER
Nina Chaudry
SENIOR EDITOR
INVESTIGATIONS
Lauren Ezell Kinlaw
MANAGING DIRECTOR
Janice Hui
MANAGING EDITOR
Andrew Metz
EXECUTIVE PRODUCER & EDITOR-IN-CHIEF
Raney Aronson-Rath
A FRONTLINE production with RAIN Media
© 2023 WGBH Educational Foundation
All Rights Reserved
FRONTLINE is a production of GBH which is solely responsible for its content.
Part Two
WRITTEN AND DIRECTED BY
Marcela Gaviria & Martin Smith
PRODUCED BY
Brian Funck
Marcela Gaviria
Martin Smith
CORRESPONDENT
Martin Smith
EDITED BY
Brian Funck
CO-PRODUCER
Scott Anger
DIRECTORS OF PHOTOGRAPHY
Scott Anger
Timothy Grucza
FIELD PRODUCER
Masood Shnizai
ASSOCIATE PRODUCERS
Sasha Schell
Elizabeth Hope Williams
REPORTER
Bilal Sarwary
ORIGINAL MUSIC
Francois-Paul Aiche
EDITOR
Hannes Hosp
ASSOCIATE EDITOR
Charles Farrell
ARCHIVAL PRODUCER
Kate McCormick
RESEARCHER
Fahim Abed
LOCAL PRODUCERS
Sadiqullah Afghan
Hassan Sahak
FIELD SUPPORT
Askil Khan Kakar
Hekmat Mosazai
ONLINE EDITOR/COLORISTS
David Bigelow
Jim Ferguson
SOUND MIX
Jim Sullivan
LINE PRODUCER
Amy Carter
ART DIRECTOR
V. Stephanie Carendi
GRAPHICS
Alisa Placas Fruitman
TRANSLATION
Fahim Abed
Samim Ahmad
Khwaga Ghani
ADDITIONAL TRANSLATION
Muqtader Omari
PRODUCTION ASSISTANT
Téa DiPrima
ADDITIONAL RESEARCH
John Campopiano
Stevie Jones
Maddie Kornfeld
NARRATION RECORD
Greg Castro
Johnny Anderes
ARCHIVAL MATERIALS
Aamir Qureshi / AFP via Getty Images
AFP via Getty Images
Arif Ali / AFG via Getty Images
Asghar Achakzai / AFP via Getty Images
Banaras Khan /AFP via Getty Images
Brendan Smialowski/Bloomberg via Getty Images
Cyrus McCrimmon/The Denver Post via Getty Images
David Furst / AFP via Getty Images
DigitalGlobe / Maxar via Getty Images
Farooq Naeem / AFP via Getty Images
Global Archive Uk / Image Bank Film via Getty Images
ITN / ITN via Getty Images
John Moore/Getty Images via Getty Images
Majid Saeedi/Getty Images via Getty Images
Nisian Hughes / Image Bank Film via Getty Images
Paramount Pictures / Paramount Pictures via Getty Images
Sarah Silbiger/Getty Images via Getty Images
Saul Loeb / AFP via Getty Images
Sean Gallup/Getty Images via Getty Images
Sony Pictures Entertainment / Sony Pictures Entertainment via Getty Images
STR/AFP via Getty Images
U.S. Army via Getty Images
Vice News / Vice Media via Getty Images
Vyacheslav Oseledko / AFP via Getty Images
ADDITIONAL MATERIALS
Channel 4
CNN
Euronews
Fox News
France 24
Intel Center
ITN
NBC News
PBS NewsHour
The New York Times
The Seattle Times
The Washington Post
ORIGINAL PRODUCTION FUNDING PROVIDED BY Corporation for Public Broadcasting, Abrams Foundation, John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, Park Foundation, Heising-Simons Foundation, FRONTLINE Journalism Fund with major support from Jon and Jo Ann Hagler through the Jon L. Hagler Foundation, additional support from Laura DeBonis and Corey David Sauer.
FOR FRONTLINE
DIRECTOR OF POST PRODUCTION
Megan McGough Christian
SENIOR EDITOR
Barry Clegg
EDITOR
Brenna Verre
EDITOR
Joey Mullin
ASSISTANT EDITORS
Christine Giordano
Alex LaGore
Tim Meagher
Peter Norton
PRODUCTION ASSISTANT
Stevie Jones
FOR GBH OUTPOST
SENIOR DIRECTOR OF PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY
Tim Mangini
INTERNS
Caroline Rangel Gomes
Jelina Liu
Tara Suter
SERIES MUSIC
Mason Daring
Martin Brody
EXECUTIVE ASSISTANT
Will Farrell
DIRECTOR OF IMPACT AND EXTERNAL RELATIONS
Erika Howard
SENIOR DIGITAL WRITER
Patrice Taddonio
PUBLICITY & AUDIENCE ENGAGEMENT COORDINATOR
Julia Heffernan
DIGITAL PRODUCER / EDITOR
Tessa Maguire
MANAGER, PUBLIC RELATIONS AND COMMUNICATIONS
Anne Husted
PODCAST PRODUCER
Emily Pisacreta
ARCHIVES & RIGHTS MANAGER
John Campopiano
BUSINESS ASSOCIATE
Sean Gigliotti
CONTRACTS CONSULTANT
Junshi Lu
FOR GBH LEGAL
Eric Brass
Suzy Carrington
Jay Fialkov
SENIOR CONTRACTS MANAGER
Gianna DeGiulio
BUSINESS MANAGER
Sue Tufts
BUSINESS DIRECTOR
Mary Sullivan
SENIOR DEVELOPER
Anthony DeLorenzo
LEAD DESIGNER FOR DIGITAL
Dan Nolan
FRONTLINE/COLUMBIA JOURNALISM SCHOOL FELLOWSHIPS
TOW JOURNALISM FELLOW
Chantelle Lee
ABRAMS JOURNALISM FELLOW
Julia Ingram
FRONTLINE/NEWMARK JOURNALISM SCHOOL AT CUNY FELLOWSHIP
TOW JOURNALISM FELLOW
James O’Donnell
FRONTLINE/FIRELIGHT INVESTIGATIVE JOURNALISM FELLOWS
Kevin Shaw
Débora Souza Silva
DIGITAL REPORTER
Bruce Gil
EDITORIAL CONSULTANTS
Lauren Prestileo
Amy Rubin
Callie T. Wiser
SENIOR DIGITAL PRODUCER / EDITOR
Miles Alvord
HOLLYHOCK FILMMAKERS IN RESIDENCE
Christina Avalos
Marcia Robiou
SENIOR DOCUMENTARY EDITOR & PRODUCER
Michelle Mizner
DIGITAL EDITOR
Priyanka Boghani
EDITORIAL COORDINATING PRODUCER
Katherine Griwert
POST COORDINATING PRODUCER
Robin Parmelee
SENIOR EDITOR AT LARGE
Louis Wiley Jr.
FOUNDER
David Fanning
SPECIAL COUNSEL
Dale Cohen
DIRECTOR OF AUDIENCE DEVELOPMENT
Maria Diokno
SENIOR PRODUCERS
Dan Edge
Frank Koughan
SENIOR PRODUCER,
SPECIAL PROJECTS & INNOVATION
Carla Borrás
SENIOR EDITOR & DIRECTOR,
LOCAL JOURNALISM
Erin Texeira
SENIOR SERIES PRODUCER
Nina Chaudry
SENIOR EDITOR
INVESTIGATIONS
Lauren Ezell Kinlaw
MANAGING DIRECTOR
Janice Hui
MANAGING EDITOR
Andrew Metz
EXECUTIVE PRODUCER & EDITOR-IN-CHIEF
Raney Aronson-Rath
A FRONTLINE production with RAIN Media
© 2023 WGBH Educational Foundation
All Rights Reserved
FRONTLINE is a production of GBH which is solely responsible for its content.
Part Three
WRITTEN AND DIRECTED BY
Marcela Gaviria & Martin Smith
PRODUCED BY
Brian Funck
Marcela Gaviria
Martin Smith
CORRESPONDENT
Martin Smith
EDITED BY
Brian Funck
CO-PRODUCER
Scott Anger
DIRECTORS OF PHOTOGRAPHY
Scott Anger
Jordan Bryon
ASSOCIATE PRODUCERS
Elizabeth Hope Williams
Sasha Schell
FIELD PRODUCER
Masood Shnizai
REPORTER
Bilal Sarwary
ORIGINAL MUSIC
Francois-Paul Aiche
ARCHIVAL PRODUCER
Kate McCormick
ASSOCIATE EDITOR
Charles Farrell
ADDITIONAL EDITING
Lindsay Utz
ONLINE EDITOR/COLORIST
Jim Ferguson
SOUND MIX
Jim Sullivan
RESEARCHER
Fahim Abed
GRAPHICS
Alisa Placas Fruitman
LOCAL PRODUCERS
Sadiqullah Afghan
Hassan Sahak
FIELD SUPPORT
Askil Khan Kakar
Hekmat Mosazai
LINE PRODUCER
Amy Carter
ART DIRECTOR
V. Stephanie Carendi
TRANSLATION
Fahim Abed
Samim Ahmad
Khwaga Ghani
ADDITIONAL TRANSLATION
Muqtader Omari
PRODUCTION SUPPORT
Christine Canedo
Téa DiPrima
ADDITIONAL RESEARCH
John Campopiano
Stevie Jones
NARRATION RECORD
Greg Castro
Johnny Anderes
ARCHIVAL CREDITS
ABC News
AFPTV via Getty Images
Alamy
Al Drago / Getty Images
Alex Wong/ Getty Images
Al Jazeera
Anadolu Agency via Getty Images
Aref Karimi/AFP via Getty Images
Asef Shalizi Khan - Ataurrahman Nasinas/Anadolu Agency via Getty Images
Associated Press
Axiom
BBC Motion Gallery Editorial/BBC News via Getty Images
Brian Schroeder / U.S. Army via Getty Images
Carolyn Cole / Los Angeles Times
Chip Somodevilla / Getty Images
CNN
C-SPAN
FedNet via Getty Images
Geoff Tompkinson / Iconica Video via Getty Images
Getty Images
Giuseppe Cacace / AFP via Getty Images
ITN via Getty Images
Karim Jaafar / AFP via Getty Images
Kate Brooks
Marcus Yam / Los Angeles Times via Getty Images
Mark Andersen / Photolibrary Video via Getty Images
NewsHour Productions/Getty Images
Nexstar - WGN, Chicago / Nexstar via Getty Images
Noorullah Shirzada / AFP via Getty images
Patrick Robert / Sygma via Getty Images
Paula Bronstein / Getty Images
Pond 5
Sajjad Hussain / AFP via Getty Images
Screenocean/Reuters
Screenocean/Reuters/Hamid Mir
Screenocean/Reuters/Ibraheem al Omari
Screenocean/Reuters/Mohammad Ismail
Shah Marai AFP via Getty Images
Shutterstock
Sony Pictures Entertainment via Getty Images
The Guardian
TOLO
UN Photo
US Department of State / Handout / Anadolu Agency via Getty Images
Veritone
Wakil Kohsar / AFP via Getty Images
ADDITIONAL MATERIALS
A24 News
BBC News
ITV News
NBC News
Sky News
The New York Times
The Wall Street Journal
The Washington Post
TRT World
USA Today
WION
ORIGINAL PRODUCTION FUNDING PROVIDED BY Corporation for Public Broadcasting, Abrams Foundation, John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, Park Foundation, Heising-Simons Foundation, FRONTLINE Journalism Fund with major support from Jon and Jo Ann Hagler through the Jon L. Hagler Foundation, additional support from Laura DeBonis and Corey David Sauer.
FOR FRONTLINE
DIRECTOR OF POST PRODUCTION
Megan McGough Christian
SENIOR EDITOR
Barry Clegg
EDITOR
Brenna Verre
EDITOR
Joey Mullin
ASSISTANT EDITORS
Christine Giordano
Alex LaGore
Tim Meagher
Peter Norton
PRODUCTION ASSISTANT
Stevie Jones
FOR GBH OUTPOST
SENIOR DIRECTOR OF PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY
Tim Mangini
INTERNS
Caroline Rangel Gomes
Jelina Liu
Tara Suter
SERIES MUSIC
Mason Daring
Martin Brody
EXECUTIVE ASSISTANT
Will Farrell
DIRECTOR OF IMPACT AND EXTERNAL RELATIONS
Erika Howard
SENIOR DIGITAL WRITER
Patrice Taddonio
PUBLICITY & AUDIENCE ENGAGEMENT COORDINATOR
Julia Heffernan
DIGITAL PRODUCER / EDITOR
Tessa Maguire
MANAGER, PUBLIC RELATIONS AND COMMUNICATIONS
Anne Husted
PODCAST PRODUCER
Emily Pisacreta
ARCHIVES & RIGHTS MANAGER
John Campopiano
BUSINESS ASSOCIATE
Sean Gigliotti
CONTRACTS CONSULTANT
Junshi Lu
FOR GBH LEGAL
Eric Brass
Suzy Carrington
Jay Fialkov
SENIOR CONTRACTS MANAGER
Gianna DeGiulio
BUSINESS MANAGER
Sue Tufts
BUSINESS DIRECTOR
Mary Sullivan
SENIOR DEVELOPER
Anthony DeLorenzo
LEAD DESIGNER FOR DIGITAL
Dan Nolan
FRONTLINE/COLUMBIA JOURNALISM SCHOOL FELLOWSHIPS
TOW JOURNALISM FELLOW
Chantelle Lee
ABRAMS JOURNALISM FELLOW
Julia Ingram
FRONTLINE/NEWMARK JOURNALISM SCHOOL AT CUNY FELLOWSHIP
TOW JOURNALISM FELLOW
James O’Donnell
FRONTLINE/FIRELIGHT INVESTIGATIVE JOURNALISM FELLOWS
Kevin Shaw
Débora Souza Silva
DIGITAL REPORTER
Bruce Gil
EDITORIAL CONSULTANTS
Lauren Prestileo
Amy Rubin
Callie T. Wiser
SENIOR DIGITAL PRODUCER / EDITOR
Miles Alvord
HOLLYHOCK FILMMAKERS IN RESIDENCE
Christina Avalos
Marcia Robiou
SENIOR DOCUMENTARY EDITOR & PRODUCER
Michelle Mizner
DIGITAL EDITOR
Priyanka Boghani
EDITORIAL COORDINATING PRODUCER
Katherine Griwert
POST COORDINATING PRODUCER
Robin Parmelee
SENIOR EDITOR AT LARGE
Louis Wiley Jr.
FOUNDER
David Fanning
SPECIAL COUNSEL
Dale Cohen
DIRECTOR OF AUDIENCE DEVELOPMENT
Maria Diokno
SENIOR PRODUCERS
Dan Edge
Frank Koughan
SENIOR PRODUCER,
SPECIAL PROJECTS & INNOVATION
Carla Borrás
SENIOR EDITOR & DIRECTOR,
LOCAL JOURNALISM
Erin Texeira
SENIOR SERIES PRODUCER
Nina Chaudry
SENIOR EDITOR
INVESTIGATIONS
Lauren Ezell Kinlaw
MANAGING DIRECTOR
Janice Hui
MANAGING EDITOR
Andrew Metz
EXECUTIVE PRODUCER & EDITOR-IN-CHIEF
Raney Aronson-Rath
A FRONTLINE production with RAIN Media
© 2023 WGBH Educational Foundation
All Rights Reserved
FRONTLINE is a production of GBH which is solely responsible for its content.