DIRECTED BY
Michael Kirk
WRITTEN BY
Michael Kirk & Mike Wiser
PRODUCED BY
Michael Kirk
Mike Wiser
Vanessa Fica
Philip Bennett
REPORTED BY
Vanessa Fica
Brooke Nelson Alexander
EDITOR
Elliott Choi
PRODUCTION EXECUTIVE
Colette Neirouz Hanna
STORY EDITOR
Lauren Prestileo
DIRECTOR OF PHOTOGRAPHY
Ben McCoy
NARRATOR
Will Lyman
ASSISTANT DIRECTOR
Olivia DelVecchio
ASSOCIATE PRODUCER
Brooke Nelson Alexander
ASSISTANT EDITOR
O. Deborah Afolayan
PRODUCTION ASSISTANT
Christina Lamagna
ORIGINAL MUSIC
John E. Low
POST PRODUCTION SUPERVISOR
Elliott Choi
ADDITIONAL CAMERA
Christopher Horne
David Randag
SOUND
Drew Levinson
ASSISTANT CAMERA
Troy Walker
ADDITIONAL SOUND
Michael Kranicke
Jason Pawlak
Carl Franson
ONLINE EDITOR/COLORIST
Jim Ferguson
Joey Mullin
SOUND MIX
Jim Sullivan
VOICEOVER
Jeremiah Kissel
LEGAL
Ken Fishkin
ARCHIVAL MATERIALS
1987 Presidential Debate footage provided by Iowa PBS
ABC News VideoSource
Alamy
Alan Henney
Alex Majoli/Magnum Photos
Associated Press
Bachrach
Barbara Hadley/The Washingtonian
Beowulf Sheehan
Blue Hen (Newark, Del.). University of Delaware.
British Pathé
C-SPAN
Carlos Barria/Reuters/Redux
CBS News/Veritone
Christopher Morris/VII/Redux
CNN
Craig Ruttle/Redux
Creative Commons
Critical Past
Damon Winter/The New York Times/Redux
Delaware Historical Society
© Delaware News Journal-USA TODAY NETWORK
Delaware Public Archives
Demetrius Freeman/The New York Times/Redux
Doug Mills/The New York Times/Redux
DVIDS
Erin Schaff/The New York Times/Redux
FOX Archives/FOX News Channel
From The Charlotte Observer. © 1991 McClatchy. All rights reserved. Used under license.
Getty Images
Getty Images/NBC News Archives
Jim Graham/Redux
John F. Kennedy Presidential Library
Julian P. Kanter Collection, the Carl Albert Center Archives
Keith Meyers/The New York Times/Redux
Kenny Holston/The New York Times/Redux
Kurator
KYW
Library of Congress
MSS 0127, Senator John J. Williams papers, Special Collections, University of Delaware Library, Newark, Delaware
MSS 0315, Senator J. Allen Frear, Jr. papers, Special Collections, University of Delaware Library, Newark, Delaware.
MSS 0660 Edward E. "Ted" Kaufman papers, University of Delaware Library, Newark, Delaware.
Oddball Films
Official White House Photo by Adam Schultz
Official White House Photo by Cameron Smith
Official White House Photo by Chandler West
Official White House Photo by Chuck Kennedy
Official White House Photo by David Lienemann
Official White House Photo by Erin Scott
Official White House Photo by Pete Souza
Pat Crowe
Paul R. Austin
Periscope Film
Photographs by Philip Montgomery. Courtesy the artist.
Pond5
Reuters
Screenocean/Reuters
Shutterstock
Sky News
Special Collections Research Center Temple University, Charles Library
Stephen Voss/Redux
Steven Goldblatt
Syracuse University College of Law
© The News Journal-USA TODAY NETWORK
The Times/News Licensing
United States Senate Historical Office
WHYY
Zach Gibson/The New York Times/Redux
Zuma Press
ADDITIONAL MATERIALS
ABC
Ali Folladwand
BBC
Biden Inaugural Committee
C-SPAN
CBS
Chicago Tribune
Citizens for Biden
Classic New Orleans TV
CNN
FOX
Gosteleradiofond
IHA
Jim DiSabatino
Joe Biden
KRON 4
Los Angeles Times
MRCTV
MSNBC
NBC
Obama White House
PIX 11
PBS NewsHour
Sputnik
St. Helena's Catholic School
Ta Arr
The Biden Campaign
The Boston Globe
The New York Times
The News Journal
The Obama White House
The UK Labour Party
The Washington Post
University of California Los Angeles, “The Iceberg of Stuttering”
WETA
Wilmington Morning News
ORIGINAL PRODUCTION FUNDING PROVIDED BY
CPB, Abrams Foundation, Park Foundation, John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, FRONTLINE Journalism Fund with major support from Jon and Jo Ann Hagler through the Jon L. Hagler Foundation and additional support from Koo and Patricia Yuen.
FOR FRONTLINE
EDITOR & POST PRODUCTION COORDINATOR
Tim Meagher
SENIOR EDITOR
Barry Clegg
EDITOR
Brenna Verre
EDITORS
Christine Giordano
Alex LaGore
Joey Mullin
ASSISTANT EDITOR
Marcus Phan
PRODUCTION ASSISTANTS
Stevie Jones
Julia McCarthy
FOR GBH OUTPOST
SENIOR POST PRODUCTION MANAGER
Beth Godlin Lillis
SENIOR DIRECTOR OF PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY
Tim Mangini
INTERNS
Cathy Ching
Nicholas Doyle
Sarah Hopkins
Sophie Szydlik
SERIES MUSIC
Mason Daring
Martin Brody
EXECUTIVE ASSISTANT
Ellen O’Neill
DIRECTOR OF IMPACT AND EXTERNAL RELATIONS
Erika Howard
SENIOR DIGITAL WRITER
Patrice Taddonio
PUBLICITY & AUDIENCE ENGAGEMENT COORDINATOR
Julia Heffernan
ASSISTANT DIGITAL EDITOR
Ambika Kandasamy
DIGITAL PRODUCER / EDITOR
Tessa Maguire
ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR OF PUBLICITY, COMMUNICATIONS & AWARDS
Anne Husted
PODCAST PRODUCER
Emily Pisacreta
ARCHIVES & RIGHTS MANAGER
John Campopiano
SENIOR BUSINESS ASSOCIATE
Sean Gigliotti
FOR GBH LEGAL
Eric Brass
Suzy Carrington
Jay Fialkov
SENIOR CONTRACTS MANAGER
Gianna DeGiulio
BUSINESS MANAGER
Sue Tufts
BUSINESS DIRECTOR
Mary Sullivan
SENIOR DEVELOPER
Anthony DeLorenzo
LEAD, DIGITAL DESIGN & INTERACTIVE
Dan Nolan
FRONTLINE/COLUMBIA JOURNALISM SCHOOL FELLOWSHIP
GOGGIN JOURNALISM FELLOW
Inci Sayki
FRONTLINE/NEWMARK JOURNALISM SCHOOL AT CUNY FELLOWSHIP
TOW JOURNALISM FELLOW
Max Maldonado
FRONTLINE/MISSOURI SCHOOL OF JOURNALISM FELLOWSHIP
MURRAY JOURNALISM FELLOW
Kristina Abovyan
ADDITIONAL ARCHIVAL RESEARCH
Kelsey Rightnowar
ARCHIVAL PRODUCER
Coral C. Salomón Bartolomei
SENIOR DIGITAL PRODUCER / EDITOR
Miles Alvord
SENIOR DOCUMENTARY EDITOR & PRODUCER
Michelle Mizner
DIGITAL EDITOR
Priyanka Boghani
STORY EDITOR & COORDINATING PRODUCER
Katherine Griwert
POST COORDINATING PRODUCER
Robin Parmelee
SENIOR EDITOR AT LARGE
Louis Wiley Jr.
FOUNDER
David Fanning
SPECIAL COUNSEL
Dale Cohen
DIRECTOR OF AUDIENCE DEVELOPMENT
Maria Diokno
SENIOR PRODUCERS
Dan Edge
Frank Koughan
SENIOR EDITOR & DIRECTOR,
LOCAL JOURNALISM
Erin Texeira
SENIOR SERIES PRODUCER
Nina Chaudry
SENIOR EDITOR,
INVESTIGATIONS
Lauren Ezell Kinlaw
MANAGING EDITOR
Andrew Metz
EXECUTIVE PRODUCER & EDITOR-IN-CHIEF
Raney Aronson-Rath
A FRONTLINE production with Kirk Documentary Group
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